本来这上面最好查的：
http://en.wikipedia.org
可惜被封了要访问需要找代理。
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中国象棋拥有悠久的历史。尽管其诞生的确切时间已无从考证……
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Xiangqihasalonghistory.Thoughitspreciseoriginshavenotyetbeendefinitelyconfirmed,theearliestindicationsrevealthegamemayhavebeenplayedasearlyasthe4thcenturyBC,byTianWen(田文),theLordofMengchang(孟尝君)forthestateofQi,duringtheWarringStatesPeriod.(Seechessinearlyliteratureortimelineofchess.)Judgingbyitsrules,XiangqiwasapparentlycloselyrelatedtomilitarystrategistsinancientChina.TheancientChinesegameofLiubomayhavehadaninfluenceaswell.
ThewordXiàngqí'smeaningfiguregamecanalsobetreatedasmeaningconstellationgame.Sometimesthexiàngqíboard'sriveriscalledtheheavenlyriver,whichmaymeantheMilkyWay;thatpreviousxiàngqígamemayhavebeenbasedonmovementsofskyobjects.
DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,warswerefoughtforyearsrunning.Anewstrategyboardgamewaspatternedafterthearrayoftroops(accordingtoahypothesisbyDavidH.Li,thiswasdevelopedbyHanXininthewinterof204BC-203BCtoprepareforanupcomingbattle).ThiswastheearliestformofXiangqi.
DuringtheCaoWei,JinandNorthernandSouthernDynasties,akindofstrategygamewaspopularamongthepeople.ItlaidafoundationforthefinalizedpatternofXiangqi.Inancienttimes,bothhighbrowsandlowbrowsenjoyedXiangqi.
DuringthereignofSuzongoftheTangDynasty,PrimeMinisterNiuSengruwroteafictionalstoryaboutXiangqi.ThatoccurredduringtheBaoyingperiod,soitwasnamedBaoying.BaoyinghadsixpiecesandproducedasignificantinfluenceonXiangqiinsubsequentyears.
ThreeformsofthegametookshapeaftertheSongDynasty.Oneofthemconsistedof32pieces.Theywereplayedonaboardwith9verticallinesand9horizontallines.Popularinthosedayswasaboardwithoutariverborderline;theKoreangameofjanggiisderivedfromthisearlierriverlessversion.Theriverborderlinewasaddedlater,andthisformofthegamehaslastedtothepresentday.
WiththeeconomicandculturaldevelopmentduringtheQingDynasty,Xiangqienteredanewstage.Manydifferentschoolsofcirclesandplayerscameintoprominence.WiththepopularizationofXiangqi,manybooksandmanualsonthetechniquesofplayingthegamewerepublished.TheyplayedanimportantroleinpopularizingXiangqiandimprovingthetechniquesofplayinmoderntimes.
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国际象棋的发明要归功于古印度人……
TheinventionofChesshasbeenattributedtotheIndiansbothbythePersianpeopleandbytheArabswholaterconqueredPersia.[2]Abual-Hasan'Alīal-Mas'ūdī,anArabhistorian,providedscholarlydetailsofthegameasitwasplayedinIndiaandelsewhere.[2]Hedetailstheuseofchessasatoolforwarfarestrategy,mathematicalcalculations,gamblingandevenitsvagueassociationwithastronomy.[2]Mas'ūdīnotesthatIvoryinIndiawaschieflyusedfortheproductionofchessandbackgammonpiecesusedbytheIndians,andassertsthatthegamewasintroducedfromIndiaalongwiththebookKelilehvaDemnehduringthereignofemperorNushirwan.[2]
ThePersianpoetFirdausialsopointstoIndiaregardingtheinventionofChess,whichhecreditstoKingGav,anIndianking,whore-enactsthepastbattlesonthechessboard.[2]
ItisalsothoughtthatthegameoriginatedinIndiabecausethePersianwordforchess,shatranj,isderivedfromtheSanskritchaturanga,whichtranslatesasfourdivisionsofthemilitary,infantry,cavalry,elephantsandchariots,representedrespectivelybypawn,knight,bishopandrook.
AsastrategyboardgameplayedinChina,chessisbelievedtohavebeenderivedfromtheIndianChaturanga.[3]TheobjectoftheChinesevariationissimilartoChaturanga,i.e.tocapturetheopponent'sking,sometimesknownasgeneral.[3]
KnightsTemplarplayingchess,Librodelosjuegos,1283.
ThefirstreferencetochessinliteratureappearsinPersiaanddatesaroundthe5thcenturyAD[4]Karnamag-iArtaxshir-iPapakan.TheearliestunambiguousreferenceinIndiaappearstodatefromabout625AD.Theearliestdocumentedchesspiecesalsodatetothe7thcentury.Byabout800thegamereachedChinaandwasknown,withmodifications,asXiangqi.ShatranjwastakenupbytheMuslimworldaftertheIslamicconquestofPersia,withthepieceslargelyretainingtheirPersiannames.InSpanishshatranjwasrenderedasajedrez,inPortugueseasxadrez,inTurkishassatrancandinGreekaszatrikion,butintherestofEuropeitwasreplacedbyversionsofthePersianshāh(king).
ThegamereachedWesternEuropeandRussiabyatleastthreeroutes,theearliestbeinginthe9thcentury.Bytheyear1000ithadspreadthroughoutEurope.[5]IntroducedintotheIberianPeninsulabytheMoorsinthe10thcentury,itwasdescribedinafamous13thcenturymanuscriptcoveringshatranj,backgammon,anddicenamedtheLibrodelosjuegos.[6]
